1 00:00:00,790 --> 00:00:07,320 [Music] 2 00:00:11,940 --> 00:00:09,350 [Applause] 3 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:11,950 okay so I was excited about this session 4 00:00:17,310 --> 00:00:15,490 because it seems timely there's been 5 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:17,320 these great posters and lightning rounds 6 00:00:21,120 --> 00:00:18,850 throughout on the week so I'm so 7 00:00:21,929 --> 00:00:21,130 grateful to the session convenors for 8 00:00:23,820 --> 00:00:21,939 pulling this together 9 00:00:26,430 --> 00:00:23,830 and I think the topics are really 10 00:00:29,070 --> 00:00:26,440 interesting and challenging things like 11 00:00:31,290 --> 00:00:29,080 modeling Brian behavior Kyoto pissah t 12 00:00:32,519 --> 00:00:31,300 preservation of biomarkers I mean we 13 00:00:34,170 --> 00:00:32,529 have some great talks in this session 14 00:00:36,270 --> 00:00:34,180 that I'm looking forward to hearing I'm 15 00:00:38,850 --> 00:00:36,280 gonna try to touch on microbial ecology 16 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:38,860 of this sublation O'Brien I'm gonna tell 17 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:40,210 you about and also a little bit about 18 00:00:44,220 --> 00:00:42,250 how we're working to detect bio 19 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:44,230 signatures I'd like to invite everybody 20 00:00:47,639 --> 00:00:46,450 to stick around for the discussion 21 00:00:50,819 --> 00:00:47,649 session it looks like we have one at 22 00:00:51,900 --> 00:00:50,829 11:00 as well as 11 to 3:15 here in this 23 00:00:53,030 --> 00:00:51,910 room so we can have a more open 24 00:00:56,430 --> 00:00:53,040 discussion about some of these topics 25 00:00:58,590 --> 00:00:56,440 okay so the aim of my talk first is to 26 00:01:00,000 --> 00:00:58,600 introduce you to a subway shal Brien 27 00:01:02,850 --> 00:01:00,010 ecosystem that I've been studying for 28 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:02,860 some years now and describe some of its 29 00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:05,050 analog attributes it's known as blood 30 00:01:09,210 --> 00:01:07,090 falls it's located in the McMurdo Dry 31 00:01:10,710 --> 00:01:09,220 Valleys region of Antarctica which is 32 00:01:13,469 --> 00:01:10,720 the largest ice-free region of the 33 00:01:14,730 --> 00:01:13,479 continent it's found within the Taylor 34 00:01:17,280 --> 00:01:14,740 Valley of this McMurdo Dry Valleys 35 00:01:18,719 --> 00:01:17,290 complex and it's at the terminus of the 36 00:01:20,730 --> 00:01:18,729 Taylor glacier which is an outlet 37 00:01:22,880 --> 00:01:20,740 glacier of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet 38 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:22,890 and it's it's quite a visceral feature a 39 00:01:29,010 --> 00:01:26,530 little can see it right down there okay 40 00:01:30,810 --> 00:01:29,020 and so the sub aims of my talk er to 41 00:01:33,270 --> 00:01:30,820 provide you with a discussion of some 42 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:33,280 new insights into the physical structure 43 00:01:37,410 --> 00:01:34,930 of this ecosystem that we've been able 44 00:01:39,390 --> 00:01:37,420 to elucidate in order to inform what 45 00:01:41,130 --> 00:01:39,400 this microbial niche might be like since 46 00:01:42,690 --> 00:01:41,140 we for a long time just have been 47 00:01:44,789 --> 00:01:42,700 collecting samples at the surface so 48 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:44,799 just scratching at the surface I mean 49 00:01:48,660 --> 00:01:46,720 this type of survey can also help inform 50 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:48,670 sampling strategies I'm going to talk 51 00:01:52,499 --> 00:01:50,290 about some consequences right when 52 00:01:54,719 --> 00:01:52,509 subsurface brine is discharged to a 53 00:01:56,370 --> 00:01:54,729 surface there's gonna be some changes 54 00:01:58,230 --> 00:01:56,380 and so we've started to look at what's 55 00:02:00,719 --> 00:01:58,240 happening with this brine when it hits 56 00:02:02,340 --> 00:02:00,729 the surface I'm gonna share some musings 57 00:02:05,819 --> 00:02:02,350 on how we might be detecting bio 58 00:02:07,319 --> 00:02:05,829 signatures at the site and by special 59 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:07,329 request I was going to do a little Don 60 00:02:14,340 --> 00:02:10,290 Juan pon teaser though some of the time 61 00:02:17,490 --> 00:02:14,350 oops okay alrighty so this is a distinct 62 00:02:20,610 --> 00:02:17,500 subglacial feature as I mentioned and I 63 00:02:22,630 --> 00:02:20,620 don't know if you can hear that 64 00:02:25,089 --> 00:02:22,640 can you guys hear that rustling so 65 00:02:27,670 --> 00:02:25,099 that's actually discharge of blood Falls 66 00:02:29,740 --> 00:02:27,680 coming out and it pours out over the 67 00:02:31,660 --> 00:02:29,750 surface here and you can see it starts 68 00:02:33,940 --> 00:02:31,670 to work its way down this terminal 69 00:02:35,740 --> 00:02:33,950 moraine and it'll leave some precipitous 70 00:02:37,870 --> 00:02:35,750 along the side and this is something 71 00:02:39,729 --> 00:02:37,880 that I call active discharge and so if 72 00:02:41,170 --> 00:02:39,739 you're able to hike up the glacier and I 73 00:02:42,460 --> 00:02:41,180 don't know it'll turn around a little 74 00:02:45,640 --> 00:02:42,470 bit you can see I'm pretty high up on 75 00:02:47,620 --> 00:02:45,650 this mound I don't know if there's a I'm 76 00:02:49,030 --> 00:02:47,630 probably at about up here and you can 77 00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:49,040 turn around and see if you can collect 78 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:51,170 this discharge when it's first coming 79 00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:53,810 out you'll find that it's a very salty 80 00:02:57,699 --> 00:02:56,450 brine it's about two to three times the 81 00:03:00,220 --> 00:02:57,709 salinity of seawater it's calcium 82 00:03:02,949 --> 00:03:00,230 chloride dominated it's reducing so 83 00:03:05,590 --> 00:03:02,959 there's no detectable oxygen it has kind 84 00:03:06,190 --> 00:03:05,600 of a sub oxic eh value of about 80 to 90 85 00:03:08,770 --> 00:03:06,200 millivolts 86 00:03:10,809 --> 00:03:08,780 it's circum neutral and it's cold it's 87 00:03:13,090 --> 00:03:10,819 between minus 5 and minus 7 degrees 88 00:03:15,670 --> 00:03:13,100 Celsius I mean it contains iron and 89 00:03:17,590 --> 00:03:15,680 through extensive research or extensive 90 00:03:19,570 --> 00:03:17,600 studies by my colleague Barry Lyons over 91 00:03:22,030 --> 00:03:19,580 the years and trying to pull out this 92 00:03:23,620 --> 00:03:22,040 active discharge composition it appears 93 00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:23,630 to be that this is a concentrated 94 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:26,090 seawater based on the ionic composition 95 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:28,130 with some contributions of some 96 00:03:32,710 --> 00:03:30,250 weathering products over time 97 00:03:34,420 --> 00:03:32,720 there's also biology in this Brian when 98 00:03:37,509 --> 00:03:34,430 you collect this active discharge I can 99 00:03:40,090 --> 00:03:37,519 run this again if you're interested so 100 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:40,100 it contains detectable cells about 1 to 101 00:03:43,060 --> 00:03:41,690 the 5 cells per mil that's about 2 102 00:03:45,430 --> 00:03:43,070 orders of magnitude higher than the 103 00:03:47,319 --> 00:03:45,440 surrounding glacial ice there's 104 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:47,329 measurable metabolic activity so you can 105 00:03:51,220 --> 00:03:49,010 feed labeled substrates to this water 106 00:03:53,319 --> 00:03:51,230 and over time it will be incorporated 107 00:03:56,319 --> 00:03:53,329 into cellular biomass you can cultivate 108 00:03:58,360 --> 00:03:56,329 some members of this community in the 109 00:04:00,460 --> 00:03:58,370 lab and they're represented in clone 110 00:04:03,039 --> 00:04:00,470 libraries as well or amplicon libraries 111 00:04:04,539 --> 00:04:03,049 and they seem to have lifestyles related 112 00:04:06,699 --> 00:04:04,549 to organisms with iron and sulfur 113 00:04:08,020 --> 00:04:06,709 metabolisms there's also multiple lines 114 00:04:12,430 --> 00:04:08,030 of evidence that the system is 115 00:04:15,210 --> 00:04:12,440 chemosynthetic so that its uptake of 116 00:04:16,930 --> 00:04:15,220 bicarbonate is enough to provide and 117 00:04:18,550 --> 00:04:16,940 sufficient fix carbon to the 118 00:04:20,259 --> 00:04:18,560 heterotrophic community and there's 119 00:04:21,310 --> 00:04:20,269 multiple lines of evidence of this so it 120 00:04:23,469 --> 00:04:21,320 seems like we're dealing with some type 121 00:04:26,140 --> 00:04:23,479 of metabolically active chemosynthetic 122 00:04:27,810 --> 00:04:26,150 briny subsurface discharge i'm at the 123 00:04:30,279 --> 00:04:27,820 terminus of the taylor glacier 124 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:30,289 I hope I can convince you that there's 125 00:04:33,400 --> 00:04:31,970 some analog like attribute 126 00:04:36,670 --> 00:04:33,410 of this system and while there's no 127 00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:36,680 perfect analog and throughout this week 128 00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:38,330 we've heard talks about saturated 129 00:04:43,210 --> 00:04:40,820 groundwater sediments on Mars potential 130 00:04:45,850 --> 00:04:43,220 for some glacial lakes on Mars and today 131 00:04:48,190 --> 00:04:45,860 we heard some great talks on Europa and 132 00:04:50,110 --> 00:04:48,200 while we may or may not be able to get 133 00:04:51,370 --> 00:04:50,120 into the subsurface ocean in the near 134 00:04:53,500 --> 00:04:51,380 term there's a lot of interesting 135 00:04:55,390 --> 00:04:53,510 features potentially happening in these 136 00:04:57,490 --> 00:04:55,400 ice covers and so if Brian is working 137 00:05:00,220 --> 00:04:57,500 its way through and being stored in this 138 00:05:02,620 --> 00:05:00,230 ice shell and so blood falls provides a 139 00:05:04,210 --> 00:05:02,630 system that is sourced throughout this 140 00:05:06,700 --> 00:05:04,220 talk I'll explain how it's sourced from 141 00:05:08,770 --> 00:05:06,710 deep groundwater within permafrost so it 142 00:05:10,990 --> 00:05:08,780 can teach us lessons about that it's a 143 00:05:13,570 --> 00:05:11,000 cold brine below a glacier that hosts a 144 00:05:15,070 --> 00:05:13,580 microbial community it can teach us a 145 00:05:16,660 --> 00:05:15,080 little bit about what happens to an 146 00:05:18,730 --> 00:05:16,670 Glacial brine when it's stored within a 147 00:05:20,890 --> 00:05:18,740 conduit within ice for some period of 148 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:20,900 time and we can also learn about how I'm 149 00:05:27,610 --> 00:05:23,330 discharged changes the microbial bio 150 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:27,620 signatures okay so the first name was to 151 00:05:31,570 --> 00:05:29,530 talk about some of the new insights from 152 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:31,580 physical structure we can learn from 153 00:05:35,650 --> 00:05:34,370 this ecosystem and so for a long time I 154 00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:35,660 wondered I was always sampling at the 155 00:05:38,890 --> 00:05:37,490 surface and I wondered what was the 156 00:05:40,510 --> 00:05:38,900 source to this feature rate is clearly 157 00:05:42,159 --> 00:05:40,520 different than the surrounding glacial 158 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:42,169 ice and the melt that was occurring so 159 00:05:46,300 --> 00:05:43,970 is it some type of sub glacial lake on 160 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:46,310 one hand or on the other extreme is it a 161 00:05:50,590 --> 00:05:48,770 Saba or some other salt deposit that's 162 00:05:53,140 --> 00:05:50,600 slowly rheda's all Ving under the 163 00:05:55,390 --> 00:05:53,150 glacier and creating this fluid and to 164 00:05:57,730 --> 00:05:55,400 put it in this is this is important 165 00:05:59,230 --> 00:05:57,740 because it can help us understand what 166 00:06:01,540 --> 00:05:59,240 controls in microbial community right 167 00:06:03,220 --> 00:06:01,550 hydrology impart strong controls it can 168 00:06:04,870 --> 00:06:03,230 help describe the microbial niche very 169 00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:04,880 different lifestyle if you're in a lake 170 00:06:09,250 --> 00:06:07,730 versus if you're in a salt deposit or 171 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:09,260 something in between and it can also 172 00:06:12,730 --> 00:06:10,730 teach us something about the potential 173 00:06:15,070 --> 00:06:12,740 ecological history like where this 174 00:06:17,590 --> 00:06:15,080 system is on its trajectory from its 175 00:06:20,409 --> 00:06:17,600 origin and I was inspired by some of the 176 00:06:22,090 --> 00:06:20,419 oceans across space and time on themes 177 00:06:23,260 --> 00:06:22,100 where you know perhaps if it's a subway 178 00:06:26,080 --> 00:06:23,270 shell lake it's a more contemporary 179 00:06:28,330 --> 00:06:26,090 system if it's the salt flat it's 180 00:06:29,890 --> 00:06:28,340 perhaps a remnant system and what if 181 00:06:32,380 --> 00:06:29,900 it's something in between like a relic 182 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:32,390 system some remains of this previous 183 00:06:38,500 --> 00:06:34,730 contemporary system you can also think 184 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:38,510 of it as on the continuum of inhabited 185 00:06:42,969 --> 00:06:41,330 or uninhabited realm or somewhere in 186 00:06:45,820 --> 00:06:42,979 between that we've heard in some of the 187 00:06:46,180 --> 00:06:45,830 talks this week ok so how do we 188 00:06:47,620 --> 00:06:46,190 determine 189 00:06:49,390 --> 00:06:47,630 in the physical structure of the system 190 00:06:51,430 --> 00:06:49,400 being in a narrow walled valley radar 191 00:06:53,230 --> 00:06:51,440 was not super informative for describing 192 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:53,240 the structure and so we collaborated 193 00:06:57,550 --> 00:06:55,610 with a geophysics group out of Aarhus 194 00:06:59,050 --> 00:06:57,560 and Denmark and they have a transient 195 00:07:00,700 --> 00:06:59,060 electromagnetic system that they're able 196 00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:00,710 to sling from a helicopter it's called 197 00:07:05,980 --> 00:07:03,080 sky temme and what it does is it Maps 198 00:07:07,750 --> 00:07:05,990 resistivity so this is a brine that's 199 00:07:09,940 --> 00:07:07,760 about two and a half times the salinity 200 00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:09,950 of seawater it's a strong conductor and 201 00:07:12,940 --> 00:07:11,180 it would be a great candidate for this 202 00:07:15,010 --> 00:07:12,950 technique because we believe it's under 203 00:07:17,140 --> 00:07:15,020 a highly resistive glacier and so 204 00:07:19,180 --> 00:07:17,150 sky-tomb is a tool that you can sling 205 00:07:21,100 --> 00:07:19,190 from helicopter so you can cover much 206 00:07:24,340 --> 00:07:21,110 larger areas of terrain than you could 207 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:24,350 by typical ground-based DC resistivity 208 00:07:29,140 --> 00:07:27,050 methods it can penetrate to about 350 209 00:07:30,790 --> 00:07:29,150 meters and what it does is it tells you 210 00:07:32,380 --> 00:07:30,800 something about the geological material 211 00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:32,390 that these electromagnetic signals are 212 00:07:37,510 --> 00:07:35,060 interacting with so this was actually 213 00:07:39,460 --> 00:07:37,520 highly productive in the Dry Valleys and 214 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:39,470 it elucidated a lot more bribes than we 215 00:07:43,810 --> 00:07:41,450 were expecting to see but what I'm 216 00:07:45,630 --> 00:07:43,820 showing you here is a 3d image of the 217 00:07:50,380 --> 00:07:45,640 brine detected below the Taylor glacier 218 00:07:52,690 --> 00:07:50,390 and so you can see here is the glacier 219 00:07:54,880 --> 00:07:52,700 this is the profile line and then we did 220 00:07:57,070 --> 00:07:54,890 some cross-sections and this is the 221 00:07:58,810 --> 00:07:57,080 resistivity data it's a diffusive method 222 00:08:01,900 --> 00:07:58,820 so it says across between five and ten 223 00:08:04,180 --> 00:08:01,910 meters the bright purple is highly 224 00:08:05,980 --> 00:08:04,190 resistive the blue is very cool or 225 00:08:07,659 --> 00:08:05,990 conductive material and so you can 226 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:07,669 remove all the resistive stuff which is 227 00:08:14,680 --> 00:08:09,610 the glacier and you can see this 228 00:08:16,630 --> 00:08:14,690 morphology of this brine anomaly if you 229 00:08:18,610 --> 00:08:16,640 will blow the glacier and so thus 230 00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:18,620 extensive network of these saturated 231 00:08:24,909 --> 00:08:21,470 sediments it's estimated to be about 1 232 00:08:27,070 --> 00:08:24,919 point or 0.18 kilometers cubed which of 233 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:27,080 groundwater if you do some conservative 234 00:08:31,780 --> 00:08:28,610 estimates of the porosity of this 235 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:31,790 sediment and that's pretty extensive 236 00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:34,130 here's the location of blood falls and 237 00:08:37,180 --> 00:08:35,450 there's all these surface lakes some 238 00:08:38,380 --> 00:08:37,190 folks might be familiar with and that's 239 00:08:41,170 --> 00:08:38,390 more volume than all these lakes 240 00:08:43,060 --> 00:08:41,180 combined it allows us to think of this 241 00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:43,070 microbial niche now as a groundwater 242 00:08:47,260 --> 00:08:45,050 aquifer system and what that might mean 243 00:08:49,720 --> 00:08:47,270 for the community with all this more 244 00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:49,730 rock water interaction time and it can 245 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:52,250 also allow us to make estimates of if 246 00:08:56,530 --> 00:08:54,290 this microbial community is active what 247 00:08:59,139 --> 00:08:56,540 the flux of nutrients might be 248 00:09:01,030 --> 00:08:59,149 coming out of the system and it can also 249 00:09:03,579 --> 00:09:01,040 inform us about this larger system that 250 00:09:05,530 --> 00:09:03,589 we don't have access to this extensive 251 00:09:08,319 --> 00:09:05,540 Brian network that we see throughout the 252 00:09:10,360 --> 00:09:08,329 dry valley so pretty psyched about that 253 00:09:12,370 --> 00:09:10,370 um so here's my dawn mom pond teaser 254 00:09:14,319 --> 00:09:12,380 because I think this type of modeling 255 00:09:17,170 --> 00:09:14,329 can be applied to other elusive brines 256 00:09:19,030 --> 00:09:17,180 for example donjuan pond which is found 257 00:09:21,269 --> 00:09:19,040 in the right valley it's right adjacent 258 00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:21,279 here to where blood falls is located 259 00:09:27,490 --> 00:09:25,490 donjuan pond is pretty otherworldly and 260 00:09:29,559 --> 00:09:27,500 just a few details on it there hasn't 261 00:09:31,870 --> 00:09:29,569 been a ton of work done on it since the 262 00:09:34,900 --> 00:09:31,880 DVD prop P project the dry valley 263 00:09:36,189 --> 00:09:34,910 drilling project it's highly saline it's 264 00:09:38,079 --> 00:09:36,199 thought to be the second-most saltiest 265 00:09:40,059 --> 00:09:38,089 body on our planet 266 00:09:42,579 --> 00:09:40,069 it's a calcium chloride dominated Brian 267 00:09:44,199 --> 00:09:42,589 it's also nitrate rich it's intermittent 268 00:09:46,090 --> 00:09:44,209 so it's just and ephemeral feature that 269 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:46,100 is driven a lot by evaporation and then 270 00:09:53,019 --> 00:09:49,370 recharged by processes of either surface 271 00:09:55,150 --> 00:09:53,029 flow or possibly groundwater and to date 272 00:09:58,120 --> 00:09:55,160 there has been no confirmed in-situ life 273 00:10:00,370 --> 00:09:58,130 spoiler alert I have no data on life 274 00:10:03,160 --> 00:10:00,380 detected in there I'm just going to talk 275 00:10:05,769 --> 00:10:03,170 to you about how we might better 276 00:10:06,910 --> 00:10:05,779 understand what to look for by better 277 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:06,920 understanding the structure of that 278 00:10:10,750 --> 00:10:09,170 ecosystem so here's an old figure from 279 00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:10,760 Harrison Cartwright these guys are the 280 00:10:14,410 --> 00:10:12,170 leaders during the dry valley drilling 281 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:14,420 project and they discussed the 282 00:10:18,790 --> 00:10:16,250 contribution of potential water tracks 283 00:10:19,870 --> 00:10:18,800 bringing either fresh water or salts 284 00:10:22,030 --> 00:10:19,880 that were dragged with these water 285 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:22,040 tracks from the surrounding Valley to 286 00:10:26,439 --> 00:10:23,569 contribute to the salt balance of 287 00:10:28,090 --> 00:10:26,449 donjuan pond Jay Dixon and colleagues 288 00:10:30,430 --> 00:10:28,100 have done a lot of work since that time 289 00:10:32,259 --> 00:10:30,440 I also saw a great poster by Lynn and 290 00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:32,269 toner here looking at some of the 291 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:33,920 hydrologic flux so it's still a really 292 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:36,290 fascinating feature there's also been 293 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:38,810 some work done thinking about whether or 294 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:40,490 not there's a subsurface aquifer that's 295 00:10:44,050 --> 00:10:41,930 actually feeding this brine like an 296 00:10:46,780 --> 00:10:44,060 artesian well there was some water 297 00:10:51,009 --> 00:10:46,790 discovered and a 75 meter deep borehole 298 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:51,019 drill during the dvdp project and so 299 00:10:57,280 --> 00:10:54,290 this is a tool or application of this 300 00:10:58,480 --> 00:10:57,290 tool that might help us reveal what is 301 00:11:01,480 --> 00:10:58,490 below and this is just some preliminary 302 00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:01,490 data from our sky temp service this past 303 00:11:05,830 --> 00:11:04,040 November so here are the lines we flew 304 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:05,840 this is about three and a half column 305 00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:07,970 and I'm gonna take you through 20 meter 306 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:10,130 depth slices and you can see here is a 307 00:11:14,890 --> 00:11:13,010 resistive terrain around on one pond 308 00:11:17,140 --> 00:11:14,900 that I have circled here and you can see 309 00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:17,150 this shines up in that cool really 310 00:11:21,850 --> 00:11:20,210 conductive color versus the highly 311 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:21,860 resistive permafrost that surrounds it 312 00:11:26,860 --> 00:11:25,010 so down 20 to 40 meters you can still 313 00:11:28,540 --> 00:11:26,870 see this Brian that's that to me was 314 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:28,550 pretty amazing that this is the the 315 00:11:32,860 --> 00:11:30,890 brine at the top the pond is 30 316 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:32,870 centimeters and so going down the steep 317 00:11:36,910 --> 00:11:34,970 suggests there's at least very salty 318 00:11:39,280 --> 00:11:36,920 potentially saturated sediments some 40 319 00:11:43,090 --> 00:11:39,290 meters below this is down to 60 meters 320 00:11:44,890 --> 00:11:43,100 this is down to 80 down to 100 it's 321 00:11:49,810 --> 00:11:44,900 starting to disappear 322 00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:49,820 so in conclusion on the donjuan pond bit 323 00:11:54,730 --> 00:11:51,650 I'd say there's evidence for a finite 324 00:11:57,820 --> 00:11:54,740 confined aquifer it's not necessarily 325 00:12:00,370 --> 00:11:57,830 all that extensive but it's it's there 326 00:12:02,740 --> 00:12:00,380 donjuan pond is a dynamic feature where 327 00:12:04,560 --> 00:12:02,750 evaporation seems to dominate you do 328 00:12:07,510 --> 00:12:04,570 have evidence for recharge over these 329 00:12:09,220 --> 00:12:07,520 water track like features as well as 330 00:12:11,050 --> 00:12:09,230 this feature right here that you can't 331 00:12:12,850 --> 00:12:11,060 see that well as a rock glacier that 332 00:12:14,860 --> 00:12:12,860 contributes some fresh water and there 333 00:12:18,340 --> 00:12:14,870 also is groundwater that could be 334 00:12:20,170 --> 00:12:18,350 recharging the system as well what does 335 00:12:22,870 --> 00:12:20,180 this knowledge do when we think about 336 00:12:24,790 --> 00:12:22,880 the iconic ology of this feature are you 337 00:12:26,170 --> 00:12:24,800 interested in what accumulates in this 338 00:12:27,670 --> 00:12:26,180 pond at the surface or are you more 339 00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:27,680 interested in the subsurface brine that 340 00:12:30,730 --> 00:12:29,540 feeds it or the communities and the 341 00:12:33,580 --> 00:12:30,740 water track so it's one way to maybe 342 00:12:35,830 --> 00:12:33,590 frame your research questions and it got 343 00:12:38,260 --> 00:12:35,840 me thinking is this relic feature on its 344 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:38,270 way to being remnant is it habitable but 345 00:12:44,170 --> 00:12:40,730 uninhabitable or is it on inhabited some 346 00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:44,180 but back to blood Falls because blood 347 00:12:48,460 --> 00:12:46,010 Falls is sourced by a much more 348 00:12:49,930 --> 00:12:48,470 extensive aquifer right so you have all 349 00:12:52,360 --> 00:12:49,940 of this below this is about five 350 00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:52,370 kilometers up from the terminus of the 351 00:12:57,460 --> 00:12:54,410 glacier and this is where our sensor 352 00:13:01,690 --> 00:12:57,470 probably dropped out over about 350 353 00:13:03,640 --> 00:13:01,700 meters of glacial ice and so with this 354 00:13:05,650 --> 00:13:03,650 new insight we can say something that 355 00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:05,660 like I think this is probably somewhere 356 00:13:10,180 --> 00:13:07,370 along the line of relic and that you 357 00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:10,190 have these saturated sediments and that 358 00:13:14,230 --> 00:13:11,810 what we're looking at here is an aquifer 359 00:13:17,250 --> 00:13:14,240 you would expect extensive Rock water 360 00:13:22,830 --> 00:13:20,460 and the microbial niche seems to reflect 361 00:13:24,990 --> 00:13:22,840 this physical setting so what we find 362 00:13:28,410 --> 00:13:25,000 when we do sequencing and this is 363 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:28,420 amplicon sequencing here we find some 364 00:13:32,190 --> 00:13:29,650 phyla types that are similar to 365 00:13:34,530 --> 00:13:32,200 groundwater marine sediments and other 366 00:13:36,180 --> 00:13:34,540 deep subsurface environments we do not 367 00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:36,190 find chloroplasts we do not find 368 00:13:39,180 --> 00:13:38,110 eukaryotes doesn't mean they're not 369 00:13:41,870 --> 00:13:39,190 there but we have not been able to 370 00:13:44,190 --> 00:13:41,880 detect them by our methods and we find 371 00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:44,200 organisms that are chemosynthetic and 372 00:13:48,960 --> 00:13:46,450 actively involved in iron and sulfur 373 00:13:51,210 --> 00:13:48,970 cycling so it seems to make sense the 374 00:13:53,130 --> 00:13:51,220 ecology that we're seeing with what we 375 00:13:55,050 --> 00:13:53,140 think this feature is now like we also 376 00:13:57,450 --> 00:13:55,060 have chemical evidence for extended 377 00:13:59,610 --> 00:13:57,460 Rockwater interactions including really 378 00:14:06,320 --> 00:13:59,620 high silica concentrations as well as a 379 00:14:07,890 --> 00:14:06,330 radiogenic strontium signature but 380 00:14:10,290 --> 00:14:07,900 surface collection is really 381 00:14:12,570 --> 00:14:10,300 unpredictable so this is chloride 382 00:14:14,190 --> 00:14:12,580 concentration here on the y axis and 383 00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:14,200 these are just discrete dates this is 384 00:14:18,330 --> 00:14:15,970 not a continuum of sampling this is a 385 00:14:19,650 --> 00:14:18,340 challenging place to get to and so you 386 00:14:21,690 --> 00:14:19,660 know you have moments of high chloride 387 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:21,700 concentration at a lot of moments of you 388 00:14:26,490 --> 00:14:23,410 know lo times which were the majority of 389 00:14:27,810 --> 00:14:26,500 the time that I'm down there and so many 390 00:14:29,970 --> 00:14:27,820 of the samples are collected during 391 00:14:31,470 --> 00:14:29,980 these really low salinity times and you 392 00:14:33,150 --> 00:14:31,480 can see here I'm looking disappointed 393 00:14:34,980 --> 00:14:33,160 there's not a lot of stuff coming out of 394 00:14:36,390 --> 00:14:34,990 blood Falls and this would be a year 395 00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:36,400 that I would say there's non discharge 396 00:14:40,820 --> 00:14:38,650 there's just surface melt happening if 397 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:40,830 you see anything that looks like flow 398 00:14:45,180 --> 00:14:43,090 versus those active discharge events 399 00:14:47,130 --> 00:14:45,190 like I showed you in that video and 400 00:14:48,690 --> 00:14:47,140 there were two years that I obtained 401 00:14:51,150 --> 00:14:48,700 some of this active discharge that I'm 402 00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:51,160 going to talk about here and you can see 403 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:53,290 there's a visible manifestation of 404 00:14:58,050 --> 00:14:55,530 having some discharge at the surface and 405 00:14:59,520 --> 00:14:58,060 so the sneaky little feature what's it 406 00:15:01,140 --> 00:14:59,530 doing there was often seasons that I 407 00:15:03,420 --> 00:15:01,150 would come back and it was clear that 408 00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:03,430 something happened I mean how do you go 409 00:15:12,570 --> 00:15:07,810 from this somewhat frowny face front - I 410 00:15:14,880 --> 00:15:12,580 mean this like amazing feature here and 411 00:15:17,070 --> 00:15:14,890 so we set we decide to spy on blood 412 00:15:19,020 --> 00:15:17,080 falls over the winter and so we put up 413 00:15:20,850 --> 00:15:19,030 some cameras over the winter there's 414 00:15:22,110 --> 00:15:20,860 time when this starts to black out I 415 00:15:23,790 --> 00:15:22,120 should probably have to set this up 416 00:15:24,870 --> 00:15:23,800 better and run it again but I don't know 417 00:15:27,090 --> 00:15:24,880 if you can see here some discharge 418 00:15:29,680 --> 00:15:27,100 happening while it's dark so this is in 419 00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:29,690 the Austral winter and so 420 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:31,910 around May that you're starting to see 421 00:15:35,470 --> 00:15:34,370 on this discharge event let's see if I 422 00:15:37,180 --> 00:15:35,480 can run this again because it's really 423 00:15:42,850 --> 00:15:37,190 dark up on the screen that you guys see 424 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:42,860 whoops or not okay so you can see here 425 00:15:46,090 --> 00:15:44,090 right around May you start to have a 426 00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:46,100 little bit of squirt squirt more squirts 427 00:15:50,260 --> 00:15:47,810 right so it's coming out and then when 428 00:15:52,840 --> 00:15:50,270 you arrive in November so clearly there 429 00:15:56,350 --> 00:15:52,850 was a discharge event in the winter 430 00:15:58,450 --> 00:15:56,360 prior to us arriving in November okay so 431 00:16:00,550 --> 00:15:58,460 since the surface is unpredictable and 432 00:16:01,840 --> 00:16:00,560 when you can plan your trips to this 433 00:16:03,640 --> 00:16:01,850 feature you kind of have to go with what 434 00:16:04,990 --> 00:16:03,650 you get at the time our goal is to see 435 00:16:06,370 --> 00:16:05,000 if we could obtain a more pristine 436 00:16:08,680 --> 00:16:06,380 sample by actually drilling into the 437 00:16:10,630 --> 00:16:08,690 glacier and so for that we employed a 438 00:16:13,840 --> 00:16:10,640 collaboration with a German engineering 439 00:16:15,700 --> 00:16:13,850 group called the ice mall was their NX 440 00:16:18,430 --> 00:16:15,710 or Enceladus Explorer project and they 441 00:16:19,990 --> 00:16:18,440 were funded by the DLR we had a 442 00:16:21,940 --> 00:16:20,000 fantastic collaboration with them this 443 00:16:24,760 --> 00:16:21,950 is a thermo mechanical drill it was 444 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:24,770 designed to melt and also turn in the 445 00:16:28,780 --> 00:16:26,690 ice what we liked about it as 446 00:16:30,490 --> 00:16:28,790 microbiologist is we could practice our 447 00:16:32,770 --> 00:16:30,500 cleaning techniques in the field so here 448 00:16:34,540 --> 00:16:32,780 we are in our tyv x cleaning it prior to 449 00:16:36,580 --> 00:16:34,550 deployment in addition to planetary 450 00:16:38,110 --> 00:16:36,590 protection like protocols we also have a 451 00:16:39,850 --> 00:16:38,120 code of conduct for dipping into 452 00:16:43,300 --> 00:16:39,860 pristine subglacial environments as part 453 00:16:46,330 --> 00:16:43,310 of the Antarctic Treaty okay so how did 454 00:16:48,220 --> 00:16:46,340 we know where to go well here's a cart 455 00:16:49,870 --> 00:16:48,230 our cartoon schematic of what we think 456 00:16:52,780 --> 00:16:49,880 is happening at the interface between 457 00:16:55,660 --> 00:16:52,790 the sublation aquifer and this little 458 00:16:57,340 --> 00:16:55,670 crevasse where blood Falls discharges it 459 00:16:59,320 --> 00:16:57,350 appears to be this weak spot that the 460 00:17:01,000 --> 00:16:59,330 brine tends to move its way out of so 461 00:17:02,890 --> 00:17:01,010 you have this pressurized brine that's 462 00:17:04,780 --> 00:17:02,900 working its way through it cause it's 463 00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:04,790 basically sorry basal crevasse thing at 464 00:17:08,679 --> 00:17:06,530 the base of the glacier and then this 465 00:17:11,170 --> 00:17:08,689 opens up and initiates subglacial 466 00:17:13,960 --> 00:17:11,180 discharge and so while we weren't able 467 00:17:15,970 --> 00:17:13,970 to go deep enough into the subway shoal 468 00:17:17,980 --> 00:17:15,980 aquifer we wanted to try to get into 469 00:17:20,050 --> 00:17:17,990 this conduit here to see if this was 470 00:17:22,420 --> 00:17:20,060 representative of what was deeper in the 471 00:17:24,189 --> 00:17:22,430 glacier and so we use some temperature 472 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:24,199 measurements right this is the mean 473 00:17:28,360 --> 00:17:25,610 annual temperature of the glacier around 474 00:17:30,430 --> 00:17:28,370 minus 15 minus 17 and so this Brian is 475 00:17:32,110 --> 00:17:30,440 actual a thermal anomaly right at minus 476 00:17:34,030 --> 00:17:32,120 five minus seven it's a warm fluid 477 00:17:36,280 --> 00:17:34,040 moving through this colder ice and so we 478 00:17:39,280 --> 00:17:36,290 can model where we expect to first hit 479 00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:39,290 this brine at about 17 meters so that is 480 00:17:43,009 --> 00:17:41,600 where we drill down to and as we drilled 481 00:17:45,139 --> 00:17:43,019 through we found that 482 00:17:46,940 --> 00:17:45,149 conductivity at about 11 meters really 483 00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:46,950 started to increase so it looked like 484 00:17:51,019 --> 00:17:48,570 you had a lot of refreezing on of this 485 00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:51,029 brine from historic movements throughout 486 00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:53,610 the conduits you have layers of brine as 487 00:17:57,529 --> 00:17:55,440 this materials refreezing maybe even a 488 00:18:01,070 --> 00:17:57,539 new layer from this discharge event in 489 00:18:03,049 --> 00:18:01,080 the spring and then we were able to tap 490 00:18:06,049 --> 00:18:03,059 into this little Brian pocket where it's 491 00:18:07,850 --> 00:18:06,059 actually still liquid and I'm not going 492 00:18:10,399 --> 00:18:07,860 to go over details of the geochemistry 493 00:18:11,960 --> 00:18:10,409 there for the most part it was very 494 00:18:13,820 --> 00:18:11,970 similar geo chemically to the active 495 00:18:15,799 --> 00:18:13,830 discharge we get it was slightly more 496 00:18:17,269 --> 00:18:15,809 concentrated so I do think there was 497 00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:17,279 some unfreeze concentration that 498 00:18:20,810 --> 00:18:19,440 occurred over those few months but I 499 00:18:22,369 --> 00:18:20,820 will show you some of the sequence data 500 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:22,379 that we have and I know this is a busy 501 00:18:26,930 --> 00:18:23,369 figure so I'm just gonna try to 502 00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:26,940 highlight some of the data here this is 503 00:18:31,489 --> 00:18:29,940 our aluminum iseek amplicon data looking 504 00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:31,499 at relative abundance of the different 505 00:18:35,389 --> 00:18:33,690 phyla types that we see in our various 506 00:18:38,450 --> 00:18:35,399 samples from a brine and around the 507 00:18:40,759 --> 00:18:38,460 glacier so when we look at samples that 508 00:18:42,109 --> 00:18:40,769 come from this conduit or from active 509 00:18:45,169 --> 00:18:42,119 discharge events like that video I 510 00:18:48,019 --> 00:18:45,179 showed you what we see here is very 511 00:18:49,749 --> 00:18:48,029 consistent abundances and diversity in 512 00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:49,759 the sample so these would be these 513 00:18:55,220 --> 00:18:53,490 high-salt samples that we have and so 514 00:18:57,379 --> 00:18:55,230 the conclusion there is that this end 515 00:18:59,149 --> 00:18:57,389 glacial brine and the active discharge 516 00:19:00,799 --> 00:18:59,159 appeared to be stable even though they 517 00:19:02,659 --> 00:19:00,809 were sampled over a decade apart and so 518 00:19:04,580 --> 00:19:02,669 this is I think kind of interesting it's 519 00:19:06,230 --> 00:19:04,590 like the second sub or the first sub 520 00:19:08,889 --> 00:19:06,240 glacial feature to be sampled twice and 521 00:19:12,289 --> 00:19:08,899 we're seeing the same relative abundance 522 00:19:14,119 --> 00:19:12,299 and we were able to pick out from this 523 00:19:16,999 --> 00:19:14,129 limited data set what we consider a core 524 00:19:19,129 --> 00:19:17,009 microbiome so of these samples on there 525 00:19:25,009 --> 00:19:19,139 were 66 ot use that were common between 526 00:19:26,720 --> 00:19:25,019 them that made up 92% of the data moving 527 00:19:28,249 --> 00:19:26,730 on to the surface events that this is 528 00:19:29,269 --> 00:19:28,259 during those frownie years when it's a 529 00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:29,279 little bit well it's not fine it's fine 530 00:19:33,259 --> 00:19:31,830 it's just it's it's different so it's 531 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:33,269 I'm getting I'm getting I'm warming up 532 00:19:37,609 --> 00:19:35,730 to it so the the salt content is very 533 00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:37,619 low you're collecting samples from the 534 00:19:41,509 --> 00:19:39,450 surface and you can see there they're 535 00:19:44,299 --> 00:19:41,519 really different from what we what we 536 00:19:45,710 --> 00:19:44,309 see in the end glacial brine and these 537 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:45,720 are there's high variation between 538 00:19:51,619 --> 00:19:47,730 samples collected and they're dominated 539 00:19:53,149 --> 00:19:51,629 by chloroplasts we can use some 540 00:19:55,159 --> 00:19:53,159 bioinformatics techniques this was work 541 00:19:57,030 --> 00:19:55,169 led by my postdoc Richard camp in his 542 00:19:58,800 --> 00:19:57,040 paper has just come out 543 00:20:01,620 --> 00:19:58,810 but here he was using these taxonomic 544 00:20:03,450 --> 00:20:01,630 biomarkers to identify different 545 00:20:05,550 --> 00:20:03,460 differentially abundant taxa using a 546 00:20:07,020 --> 00:20:05,560 program called leaf C and some of the 547 00:20:08,970 --> 00:20:07,030 biomarkers we found that are indicative 548 00:20:10,350 --> 00:20:08,980 so if you get a sample and you're like 549 00:20:11,760 --> 00:20:10,360 oh is this Brian or not you would want 550 00:20:13,110 --> 00:20:11,770 to look for these organisms first you'd 551 00:20:14,910 --> 00:20:13,120 want to see there's no chloroplasts in 552 00:20:16,170 --> 00:20:14,920 there but then you would also look for 553 00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:16,180 some of these organisms such as the a 554 00:20:22,710 --> 00:20:19,240 tractor this is a Bacteroides that has 555 00:20:24,810 --> 00:20:22,720 only 86% sequence identity to an 556 00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:24,820 organism from a marine salt urn and our 557 00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:27,610 first identification of archaea 558 00:20:34,110 --> 00:20:30,400 the pcr kyouda group are present in the 559 00:20:36,420 --> 00:20:34,120 sample yes so there's the it seems 560 00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:36,430 through sequence diversity you can 561 00:20:41,310 --> 00:20:38,350 differentiate between on these two 562 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:41,320 samples which is kind of cool okay but 563 00:20:45,120 --> 00:20:43,330 now the brine is out on the surface and 564 00:20:47,310 --> 00:20:45,130 how does this change we see this strong 565 00:20:48,810 --> 00:20:47,320 community shift and it makes me think of 566 00:20:50,610 --> 00:20:48,820 ocean worlds and what you might get on 567 00:20:52,620 --> 00:20:50,620 the surface and how different what we're 568 00:20:54,450 --> 00:20:52,630 seeing at this really beautiful surface 569 00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:54,460 feature is from where it actually 570 00:20:59,550 --> 00:20:57,850 sourced from okay so when if we go back 571 00:21:01,320 --> 00:20:59,560 and look at this discharge if I were to 572 00:21:03,030 --> 00:21:01,330 follow it down the glacier and start 573 00:21:05,550 --> 00:21:03,040 sampling I'd start with something that 574 00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:05,560 had no detectable oxygen I'd move on to 575 00:21:10,260 --> 00:21:08,710 something that had increasing levels of 576 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:10,270 oxygen as you go down the glacier 577 00:21:15,510 --> 00:21:13,690 terminus this year we stuck a co2 flux 578 00:21:19,110 --> 00:21:15,520 sensor out there and you can see you're 579 00:21:21,750 --> 00:21:19,120 also gassing a lot of co2 from the 580 00:21:23,970 --> 00:21:21,760 system and this is a really traumatic 581 00:21:27,060 --> 00:21:23,980 event for a microorganism you're 582 00:21:28,590 --> 00:21:27,070 increasing in pH you're getting exposed 583 00:21:29,850 --> 00:21:28,600 to sunlight after you've potentially 584 00:21:32,850 --> 00:21:29,860 been under a glacier for millions of 585 00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:32,860 years your oxygen which is a stressor 586 00:21:36,780 --> 00:21:35,290 pressure changes you're getting diluted 587 00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:36,790 so whatever it was that you became 588 00:21:43,170 --> 00:21:38,890 comfortable with in this like incredibly 589 00:21:47,340 --> 00:21:43,180 stable mellow dark environment it's now 590 00:21:48,750 --> 00:21:47,350 like so this can be traumatic alright so 591 00:21:50,510 --> 00:21:48,760 this is where I move into the last step 592 00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:50,520 talking about how we might use this 593 00:21:54,990 --> 00:21:53,290 surface stuff we collect as a bio 594 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:55,000 signature and I think this is an 595 00:21:58,860 --> 00:21:56,650 evolving understanding I'm finding 596 00:22:01,980 --> 00:21:58,870 myself even in Peru okay I'll just 597 00:22:03,570 --> 00:22:01,990 breeze through this one you know we we 598 00:22:05,940 --> 00:22:03,580 first looked at Mars we saw a face on 599 00:22:08,430 --> 00:22:05,950 Mars now we can do some really advanced 600 00:22:08,740 --> 00:22:08,440 spectroscopy and actually so in the same 601 00:22:10,090 --> 00:22:08,750 thing 602 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:10,100 happens down there blood falls when you 603 00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:12,770 first saw it the first explorers heroic 604 00:22:17,860 --> 00:22:14,210 though they were they thought this was 605 00:22:20,710 --> 00:22:17,870 snow algae at the surface later in the 606 00:22:22,420 --> 00:22:20,720 60s during the determined age they did 607 00:22:25,030 --> 00:22:22,430 some analysis and found there was Haley 608 00:22:26,980 --> 00:22:25,040 aragonite etc so they were starting to 609 00:22:29,650 --> 00:22:26,990 do some of the mineralogy but weren't 610 00:22:31,120 --> 00:22:29,660 necessarily sure of the biology so for 611 00:22:32,530 --> 00:22:31,130 our future directions we'd like to 612 00:22:34,210 --> 00:22:32,540 characterize this a bit more I've 613 00:22:36,190 --> 00:22:34,220 collaborated with Darby Dyer and Eli 614 00:22:38,230 --> 00:22:36,200 scold at Planetary Science Institute and 615 00:22:39,580 --> 00:22:38,240 PD Lee to look at some of the volatile 616 00:22:40,510 --> 00:22:39,590 Spectras that will be coming out of this 617 00:22:43,870 --> 00:22:40,520 feature as well as some of the 618 00:22:45,580 --> 00:22:43,880 mineralogy of the surface one minute and 619 00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:45,590 I just wanted to highlight so there is 620 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:48,350 some hope in this diversity data so in 621 00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:50,210 the conduit sample which is this last 622 00:22:53,170 --> 00:22:51,110 one right here 623 00:22:55,630 --> 00:22:53,180 you see there is some shift in abundance 624 00:22:56,950 --> 00:22:55,640 and one of them in particular was this 625 00:22:59,650 --> 00:22:56,960 thio micro spire which is a 626 00:23:01,870 --> 00:22:59,660 chemosynthetic sulfur oxidizer was six 627 00:23:03,370 --> 00:23:01,880 times higher in the conduit sample again 628 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:03,380 you need replicates to think anything 629 00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:04,730 about it but maybe there's some 630 00:23:08,980 --> 00:23:06,320 community shifts that we can predict in 631 00:23:10,180 --> 00:23:08,990 the conduit there also seems to be some 632 00:23:12,610 --> 00:23:10,190 remnants that might be left at the 633 00:23:15,250 --> 00:23:12,620 surface we had one nan al flow sample 634 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:15,260 that I hiked up high to get and it had 635 00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:17,450 some of the core brine members but they 636 00:23:20,950 --> 00:23:19,250 were poorly represented and it didn't 637 00:23:23,590 --> 00:23:20,960 have some of those indicator microbes 638 00:23:25,270 --> 00:23:23,600 but there was still some of the dominant 639 00:23:29,110 --> 00:23:25,280 features in there so perhaps there's 640 00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:29,120 some remnants that we can pick up in the 641 00:23:32,740 --> 00:23:31,250 essence of time I won't go through this 642 00:23:35,170 --> 00:23:32,750 except just to say that we've been 643 00:23:37,570 --> 00:23:35,180 collecting samples collecting cultures 644 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:37,580 from the surface and we're using some of 645 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:39,770 these text techniques such as ramen and 646 00:23:44,590 --> 00:23:41,810 FTIR to look at the mineral composition 647 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:44,600 of both the surface and pure cultures to 648 00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:46,730 see if we can validate what we see using 649 00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:48,410 various electron donor and minerals as 650 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:51,290 well as use it looking at different 651 00:23:53,950 --> 00:23:52,610 stages of the growth phase because I 652 00:23:57,150 --> 00:23:53,960 think that's important as well as 653 00:23:59,560 --> 00:23:57,160 various temperatures so in conclusion 654 00:24:02,080 --> 00:23:59,570 physical structure of these systems can 655 00:24:05,590 --> 00:24:02,090 tell us about ecosystem status it can 656 00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:05,600 help inform what the ecology might be it 657 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:09,050 can be a good target looking at sorry we 658 00:24:13,690 --> 00:24:10,850 were able to deduce Brian a core 659 00:24:16,570 --> 00:24:13,700 microbiome the discharge is dramatically 660 00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:16,580 dramatic and rapidly shifts but there 661 00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:18,770 may be some little remnants in this 662 00:24:23,810 --> 00:24:21,510 discharge that we can tease out 663 00:24:26,210 --> 00:24:23,820 some fodder for discussion I'm inspired 664 00:24:27,410 --> 00:24:26,220 to see so many talks on cold organisms 665 00:24:29,180 --> 00:24:27,420 I'm expecially looking forward to some 666 00:24:30,470 --> 00:24:29,190 of them in this session is it the Golden 667 00:24:32,750 --> 00:24:30,480 Age these were always underrepresented 668 00:24:35,690 --> 00:24:32,760 in culture collections and not as 669 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:35,700 abundant in our genome libraries but 670 00:24:38,540 --> 00:24:37,530 I've really seen a change in that over 671 00:24:40,580 --> 00:24:38,550 the time and I'm so excited because 672 00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:40,590 these are fabulous organisms look at 673 00:24:44,330 --> 00:24:42,690 this guy oh my goodness this is a Xuan 674 00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:44,340 Ella collected from the surface of blood 675 00:24:48,860 --> 00:24:47,310 Falls membrane vesicles oh man this is 676 00:24:51,260 --> 00:24:48,870 lovely and then this little EPS in this 677 00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:51,270 tail I mean he's it's really attractive 678 00:24:55,100 --> 00:24:53,910 um but if you were to look at it she it 679 00:24:56,960 --> 00:24:55,110 really is but if you were to look in its 680 00:25:00,710 --> 00:24:56,970 genome you would see things like it has 681 00:25:02,510 --> 00:25:00,720 the ability to bind to ice and so it has 682 00:25:03,830 --> 00:25:02,520 these different adhesion properties how 683 00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:03,840 is this gonna affect mineral 684 00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:05,730 precipitation in an ice environment as 685 00:25:10,730 --> 00:25:07,650 opposed to in some other type of 686 00:25:15,290 --> 00:25:10,740 environment so with that I'd like to 687 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:15,300 thank my fantastic lab group uh this 688 00:25:17,060 --> 00:25:16,410 obviously wouldn't be worth it without 689 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:17,070 them 690 00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:19,650 as well as our funding agencies that 691 00:25:26,150 --> 00:25:22,290 help support us and all my amazing 692 00:25:27,470 --> 00:25:26,160 collaborators so frost flower that's the 693 00:25:30,620 --> 00:25:27,480 only type of ice we tend to get in 694 00:25:36,419 --> 00:25:30,630 Tennessee okay thank you 695 00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:36,429 [Applause] 696 00:25:41,049 --> 00:25:39,110 this is working yeah so we have a few 697 00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:41,059 minutes for questions if someone could 698 00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:42,470 come up to the microphone rather than 699 00:25:45,010 --> 00:25:44,450 shouting from your seat that'd be great 700 00:25:52,180 --> 00:25:45,020 thank you 701 00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:52,190 come on up no no you made this nice 702 00:25:59,049 --> 00:25:54,530 teaser about the Tong Huan pond right 703 00:26:01,750 --> 00:25:59,059 and well with the modeling and you know 704 00:26:03,610 --> 00:26:01,760 remote sensing of that I mean you know 705 00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:03,620 if you do astrobiology you have to get 706 00:26:08,710 --> 00:26:06,530 close and personal right yeah so when 707 00:26:10,750 --> 00:26:08,720 you swing by platfor can you also swing 708 00:26:12,700 --> 00:26:10,760 by at the don't want want and get 709 00:26:14,740 --> 00:26:12,710 sampled so yeah so we did this season 710 00:26:17,289 --> 00:26:14,750 yeah and maybe I should have teased a 711 00:26:18,850 --> 00:26:17,299 little more than I did but so the this 712 00:26:21,370 --> 00:26:18,860 was just the survey but we also 713 00:26:22,990 --> 00:26:21,380 collected some samples and so we can do 714 00:26:25,210 --> 00:26:23,000 a little more work my I guess what I was 715 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:25,220 trying to set up is that it's gonna be 716 00:26:29,620 --> 00:26:27,890 hard to tease out what is in situ versus 717 00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:29,630 what may have been blown in or what may 718 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:31,490 have been dragged in along the 719 00:26:36,820 --> 00:26:34,010 permafrost boundary and so I think these 720 00:26:39,190 --> 00:26:36,830 complicated bio signatures like pulling 721 00:26:41,230 --> 00:26:39,200 out what is contamination versus what is 722 00:26:43,659 --> 00:26:41,240 truly subsurface Brian I'm an advocate 723 00:26:45,250 --> 00:26:43,669 of finding a way to drill again much 724 00:26:46,780 --> 00:26:45,260 like they did in the dry Valley drilling 725 00:26:50,169 --> 00:26:46,790 project if we really want to know what 726 00:26:59,620 --> 00:26:50,179 uncontaminated features are okay so but 727 00:27:01,600 --> 00:26:59,630 yeah yes I'm Zack Cooper from the 728 00:27:03,669 --> 00:27:01,610 University of Washington I I wanted to 729 00:27:05,140 --> 00:27:03,679 ask you about a microbial activity in 730 00:27:08,049 --> 00:27:05,150 the subway shal brines and what you 731 00:27:11,020 --> 00:27:08,059 think about like growth rates based on 732 00:27:13,390 --> 00:27:11,030 the you know like Sub Zero hyper saline 733 00:27:15,220 --> 00:27:13,400 and opposite conditions and like what 734 00:27:16,780 --> 00:27:15,230 the carbon utilization in residence 735 00:27:19,030 --> 00:27:16,790 times of these communities might look 736 00:27:21,730 --> 00:27:19,040 like yeah so I think it's probably 737 00:27:23,830 --> 00:27:21,740 really slow and we've incubated these at 738 00:27:25,360 --> 00:27:23,840 non in situ temperature so like zero 739 00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:25,370 degrees is the best we can do in the 740 00:27:28,870 --> 00:27:27,110 field and you have really slow rates 741 00:27:30,730 --> 00:27:28,880 some of our turnover times for certain 742 00:27:33,340 --> 00:27:30,740 substrates are 300 days some are even 743 00:27:36,010 --> 00:27:33,350 higher so I mean these are really slow 744 00:27:37,360 --> 00:27:36,020 growing systems and these may not be the 745 00:27:38,860 --> 00:27:37,370 best measurements like giving them a 746 00:27:40,659 --> 00:27:38,870 labeled substrate is probably not the 747 00:27:43,060 --> 00:27:40,669 way to go and so that's one of our 748 00:27:45,370 --> 00:27:43,070 challenges as people who study cold 749 00:27:46,810 --> 00:27:45,380 systems is how can you better track 750 00:27:48,970 --> 00:27:46,820 turnover time and I don't know 751 00:27:54,370 --> 00:27:48,980 in your group you're doing some cool new 752 00:27:55,779 --> 00:27:54,380 methods to look at that but yeah 753 00:27:56,950 --> 00:27:55,789 definitely and also think that that's 754 00:27:59,230 --> 00:27:56,960 why we've switched a little bit to 755 00:28:01,120 --> 00:27:59,240 laboratory cultures that you can they're 756 00:28:02,950 --> 00:28:01,130 not necessarily growing optimally they 757 00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:02,960 might be growing faster at these higher 758 00:28:06,999 --> 00:28:04,970 temperatures but you can it's a starting 759 00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:07,009 point to help you pinpoint what to look 760 00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:08,330 for when you're doing these really 761 00:28:13,509 --> 00:28:09,970 challenging long-term in-situ 762 00:28:16,029 --> 00:28:13,519 experiments you just really quick 763 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:16,039 question oh I was just gonna draw your 764 00:28:19,450 --> 00:28:17,330 attention you may have seen there was a 765 00:28:21,639 --> 00:28:19,460 talk earlier this week so you can 766 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:21,649 measure biomass in subsurface Wars with 767 00:28:29,619 --> 00:28:26,210 polo metric is that the seismic bio 768 00:28:31,899 --> 00:28:29,629 geophysics talk hasn't he 769 00:28:33,129 --> 00:28:31,909 it may be something leave absolutely on 770 00:28:35,799 --> 00:28:33,139 what do you know what type of technique 771 00:28:37,749 --> 00:28:35,809 they were using was it somebody was 772 00:28:40,180 --> 00:28:37,759 using doing sonar or something they were 773 00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:40,190 using anyway if anyone has any 774 00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:41,450 information on that I think there's a 775 00:28:44,680 --> 00:28:43,850 paper I think if you say yeah that 776 00:28:46,869 --> 00:28:44,690 sounds fascinating 777 00:28:48,669 --> 00:28:46,879 thank you for your age everybody could